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HCB-2

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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview of Cyanobacteria
1.2 Scope of Document
1.3 Ecology of Attached Cyanobacterial Mats
1.4 Health, Environmental, and Economic Impacts
1.5 Understanding Your Water Body and Developing an HCB Management Plan
2. Cyanotoxins
2. Cyanotoxins
2.1 Exposure Routes to Cyanotoxins
2.2 Health Impacts of Cyanotoxins
2.3 Overview of Cyanotoxin Classes
2.4 Cyanotoxin Distribution, Stability, and Exposure Considerations
2.5 Developing Cyanotoxin Toxicity Thresholds for Humans and Animals
2.6 Cyanotoxin Thresholds
3. Monitoring for benthic cyanobacteria
3. Monitoring for benthic cyanobacteria
3.1 Developing a Monitoring Plan for Benthic Cyanobacteria and Their Cyanotoxins
3.2 Field Collection Methods for Benthic HCBs
3.3 Analytical Methods
3.4 Monitoring HCBs in the Future
4. Introduction to treatment strategies
4. Introduction to treatment strategies
4.1 Summary Table
5. Communication and response planning strategies
5. Communication and response planning strategies
5.1 Reporting, Notification, and Coordination with Key Partners, Stakeholders, and the Public
5.2 Bloom Identification
5.3 Drinking Water Sources
5.4 Thresholds for HCB Advisories for Drinking Water, Recreation, and Pets/Livestock
5.5 Results, Risks, and Advisory Communication
5.6 HCB-related Illnesses Documentation and Evaluation
5.7 Maps and Data Management Optimization and Improvement
6. Recommendations
6. Recommendations
6.1 Cyanotoxin-related (Applicable for Planktonic and Benthic Sources Unless Specifically Noted)
6.2 Monitoring-related
6.3 Management-related
6.4 Communication-related
Appendix
Appendix A. Visual Guide to Common Harmful Cyanobacteria
Appendix B. Case Studies
Appendix C. Management Strategy Fact Sheets
C.1 Management Strategy Fact Sheets
C.2 Cost Compilation for Several Mitigation Strategies
C.3 Abridged Strategies
Appendix D. Team Contacts
Appendix E. Glossary
Appendix F. Acronyms
References
Acknowledgments
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Strategies for Preventing and Managing Benthic Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCB-2)
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Appendix F. Acronyms

ADDA                (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid

ANSI                   American National Standards Institute

ASDWA             Association of State Drinking Water Administrators

ATX                    anatoxin-a

AWWA/WRF     American Water Works Association/Water Research Foundation

BAP                    biologically available phosphorus

BMAA                beta-methylamino-L-alanine

CCHAB              California Cyanobacteria and Harmful Algal Bloom Network

CDC                    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CYL                    cylindrospermopsin

DBL                    diffuse boundary layer

dhATX                dihydroanatoxin-a

DIN                     dissolved inorganic nitrogen

DNA                   deoxyribonuclic acid

DRP                    dissolved reactive phosphorus

ECOS                  Environmental Council of the States

ELISA                 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EPS                     extracellular polymeric substances

ESA                     Endangered Species Act

FAO                    Food and Agriculture Organization

FDA                    U.S. Food and Drug Administration

HAB                    harmful algal bloom

HCB                    harmful cyanobacterial bloom

HPLC-MS           high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

HTX                    homoanatoxin-a

ITRC                   Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council

LC-MS                liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

LC-MS/MS         liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

LCRA                 Lower Colorado River Authority

LWTX                 Lyngbya wollei toxin

MCY                   microcystin

NALMS              North American Lake Management Society

NAWQA             National Water-Quality Assessment

NEON                 National Ecological Observatory Network

NGO                   nongovernmental agency

NOD                   nodularin

NPS                     National Park Service

NRC                    National Research Council

NSF                     National Sanitary Foundation

OEHHA              Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

PCR                     polymerase chain reaction

PMAV                 provisional maximum acceptable values

PTOX                  potentially toxigenic

PVC                    polyvinyl chloride

PWS                    public water system

RFU                    relative fluorescence units

SCUBA               self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

SPATT                solid phase absorption toxin tracking

STX                     saxitoxin

SWAMP              Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program

TDI                      tolerable daily intake

TEF                     toxic equivalency factor

TMDL                 total maximum daily load

UDEQ                 Utah Department of Environmental Quality

USACE               United States Army Corps of Engineers

USEPA               United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS               United States Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS                  United States Geologic Survey

UV                      ultraviolet

WHO                   World Health Organization

WQS                   water quality standard

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